Scale Patterns
- Vertical: increase CPU/RAM for heavy workflows
- Horizontal: multiple instances behind a load balancer
- Queue workers for high‑concurrency tasks
Concurrency & Rate Limits
- Use workflow‑level concurrency controls to prevent resource contention
- Respect external API rate limits with retries and backoff
Long‑Running Jobs
- Offload to workers; add heartbeats and checkpoints
- Use timeouts and cancelation for stuck executions
- Cache frequent API calls and paginate data
- Split monolithic workflows into modular subflows
- Prefer batch operations when integrating with external systems